Electric Engineering Optional

Paper 1 : 

1. Circuits—Theory: 

Circuit components; network graphs; KCL, KVL; Circuit analysis methods: nodal analysis, mesh analysis; basic network theorems and applications; transient analysis: RL, RC and RLC circuits; sinusoidal steady state analysis; resonant circuits; coupled circuits; balanced 3-phase circuits. Two-port networks.  

2. Signals and Systems: 

• Representation of continuous-time and discrete-time signals and systems; LTI systems; convolution; impulse response; time-domain analysis of LTI systems based on convolution and differential/difference equations. 
• Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform, Transfer function. 
• Sampling and recovery of signals DFT, FFT  Processing of analog signals through discrete-time systems. 

3. E.M. Theory: 

• Maxwell’s equations, wave propagation in bounded media. 
• Boundary conditions, reflection and refraction of plane waves. 
• Transmission lines: travelling and standing waves, impedance matching, Smith chart.  

4. Analog Electronics:

• Characteristics and equivalent circuits (large and small-signal) of Diode, BJT, JFET and MOSFET.
• Diode circuits: Clipping, clamping, rectifier. 
• Biasing and bias stability. 
• FET amplifiers. 
• Current mirror; Amplifiers: single and multi-stage, differential, operational feedback and power. 
• Analysis of amplifiers; frequency-response of amplifiers.
• OPAMP circuits.
• Filters; sinusoidal oscillators: criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and OPAMP configurations. 
• Function generators and wave-shaping circuits. 
• Linear and switching power supplies. 

5. Digital Electronics:

• Boolean algebra; minimisation of Boolean functions; logic gates; digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinational circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers and decoders. 
• Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters and shift-registers.
• Comparators, timers, multivibrators. 
• Sample and hold circuits, ADCs and DACs. Semiconductor memories. 
• Logic implementation using programmable devices (ROM, PLA, FPGA). 

6. Energy Conversion:

• Principles of electromechanical energy conversion: Torque and emf in rotating machines. 
• DC machines: characteristics and performance analysis; starting and speed control of motors. 
• Transformers: principles of operation and analysis; regulation, efficiency; 3-phase transformers.
• 3-phase induction machines and synchronous machines: characteristics and performance analysis; speed control.  

7. Power Electronics and Electric Drives:

Semiconductor power devices: diode, transistor, thyristor, triac, GTO and MOSFET-static characteristics and principles of operation; triggering circuits; phase control rectifiers; bridge converters: fully-controlled and half-controlled; principles of thyristor choppers and inverters; DC-DC converters; Switch mode inverter; basic concepts of speed control of dc and ac motor drives applications of variable-speed drives. 

8. Analog Communication:

• Random variables: continuous, discrete; probability,  probability functions.
• Statistical averages; probability models; Random signals and noise: white noise, noise equivalent bandwidth; signal transmission with noise; signal to noise ratio. 
• Linear CW modulation: Amplitude modulation: DSB, DSB-SC and SSB. 
• Modulators and Demodulators; Phase and Frequency modulation: PM & FM signals; narrows band FM; generation & detection of FM and PM, Deemphasis, Preemphasis. 
• CW modulation system : Superheterodyne receivers, AM receivers, communication receivers, FM receivers, phase locked loop, SSB receiver Signal to noise ratio calculation or AM and FM receivers. 

Paper 2 : 

1. Control Systems:

• Elements of control systems; block-diagram representations; open-loop  & closed-loop systems; principles and applications of feed-back. 
• Control system components. 
• LTI systems: time-domain and transform-domain analysis.
• Stability : Routh Hurwitz criterion, root-loci, Bode-plots and polar plots, Nyquist’s criterion; Design of lead-lad compensators. 
• Proportional, PI, PID controllers. 
• State-variable representation and analysis of control systems.  

2. Microprocessors and Microcomputers:

PC organisation; CPU, instruction set, register set timing diagram, programming, interrupts, memory interfacing, I/O interfacing, programmable peripheral devices. 

3. Measurement and Instrumentation:

• Error analysis; measurement of current voltage, power, energy, power-factor, resistance, inductance, capacitance and frequency; bridge measurements.
• Signal conditioning circuit; Electronic measuring instruments: multimeter, CRO, digital voltmeter, frequency counter, Q-metre, spectrum-analyser, distoration-meter. 
• Transducers : thermocouple, thermistor, LVDT, strain-gauge, piezo-electric crystal.  

4. Power Systems: Analysis and Control:

• Steady-state performance of overhead transmission lines and cables; principles of active and reactive power transfer and distribution; per-unit quantities; bus admittance and impedance matrices; load flow; voltage control and power factor correction;  economic operation; symmetrical components, analysis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults. 
• Concepts of system stability: swing curves and equal area criterion.
• Static VAR system. Basic concepts of HVDC transmission. 

5. Power System Protection:

• Principles of overcurrent, differential and distance protection.
• Concept of solid state relays. 
• Circuit breakers.
• Computer aided protection: introduction; line, bus, generator, transformer protection; numeric relays and application of DSP to protection. 

6. Digital Communication:

• Pulse code modulation (PCM), differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), delta modulation (DM), Digital modulation and demodulation schemes : amplitude, phase and frequency keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK).
• Error control coding : error detection and correction, linear block codes, convolution codes. Information measure and source coding.
• Data networks, 7-layer architecture.